Francis Bacon

http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-25

Francis Bacon (22 January 1561-9 April 1626)was an English philosopher,statesman,scientist,lawer,jurist and author.He was one of the pioneers of modern scientific thought.He developed and investigative method called Baconian method

http://www.classic-literature.co.uk/british-authors/16th-century/francis-bacon/

The Baconian method consists of procedures for isolating the form nature,or cause of a phenomenon,including the method of agreement,method of difference,and method of concomitant variation.Bacon suggests that you draw up a list of all things in which the phenomenon you are trying to explain occurs, as well as a list of things in which it does not occur. Then you rank your lists according to the degree in which the phenomenon occurs in each one. Then you should be able to deduce what factors match the occurrence of the phenomenon in one list and don't occur in the other list,and also what factors change in accordance with the data had been ranked.Francis Bacon was a main influence in Eadweard Muybridge work.I think for this project it's quite relevant to appreciate this method by Bacon to deduce by elimination and general conclusion what is the cause underlying the phenomenon

CINEMATOGRAPHY

http://motion.kodak.com/US/en/motion/Hub/history1.htm

Muybridge chalked lines and numbers on a board behind the track to measure progress. As Stanford's horse raced on the track, it tripped the wires and recorded 24 photographs that proved that all four of the horse's feet were off the ground at the same time.
Stanford won his bet, and Muybridge continued experimenting. During the early 1880s, he traveled to Paris to demonstrate his multiple camera system for other photographers and scientists. One of his hosts was Etienne Jules Marey, who was experimenting with the use of a single camera for recording images in motion.

Fluorescence Digital Imageing

Fluorescein Angiography(FFA):

angiography is the definition of a vessel or structure using a contrast medium. Contrast Medium (sodium fluorescein dye)is injected into a vein in the patients arms and timed photographs are taken using a fundus or SLO system.Fluorescein angiography is an important ophthalmic diagnostic test used to examine the blood vessels and associated structure of retina.It is used to diagnose sight threatening ophthalmic conditions and to locate areas that require treatment.

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Images above are examples of right and left eye fluorescence Angiograms.1: 45 sec. 2: 1min.20sec.These are Angiograms of the ocular fundus.

The Ocular fundus is the inner lining of the eye made up of the retina and choroid.This angiograms shows the optic nerve,the retina vessels and the macular.it shows the optic nerve through which visual signals are transmitted to the brain and the retinal vessels which supply nutrotion and oxygen to the tissue set against the red-orange colour of the pigment epithelium,which also makes up the fundus.

The word Angiography comes from the Greek angeion, "vessel" and graphien, "to write or record". Angiography is the imaging of vessels, and the resulting pictures are angiograms. Angiography of the retina of the eye requires the injection of a small amount of dye into a vein in the patient's arm. The dye travels through the blood stream and is photographed using special cameras and colors of light as it travels through the vessels of retina.

Fluorescein Angiography is performed with a dye called Sodium Fluorescein. When illuminated with a blue light, the fluorescein dye glows or fluoresces in yellow-green. Special filters in the camera allow only the fluorescent yellow-green light to be photographed, producing high contrast images of the retinal vessels. Fluorescein angiography can be performed using either standard black and white photographic film or using digital cameras.The first time i did FFA I was absolutely amazed that how fast the dye circulates around the body. 5 to 8 seconds after the fluorescein has been injected I could start taking the photographs.

Indocyanine Green (ICG) dye is used in conjunction with infrared "light" for angiography in very special cases where fluorescein angiography proves inadequate. Because infrared energy is not in the visible spectrum and can not be imaged well with photographic film, high-sensitivity digital cameras are used for ICG angiography.

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/fluorescence/gallery/cells/index.htmlhttp://www.opsweb.org/OpPhoto/Angio/index.html

"NEW NASA IMAGES INDICATE OBJECT HITS JUPITER"

After the first tuturial with my lecture.I started to looking at diffrent planet and galaxy.the astronomical world and try to make some sort of connection If i could relate my imaginary planet which exsits to the astronomical world

I came a cross a video on Youtube and the photograph bellow are screen shot fro the video called "NEW NASA IMAGES INDICATE OBJECT HITS JUPITER"! The more I look at them the more similarity I can discover from

the planet

planet Eye and planet Jupiter

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNVUbnKDPpo&feature=related

http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2009-112

Stereomicroscopy - Stereomicroscopes have characteristics that are valuable in situations where three-dimensional observation and perception of depth and contrast is critical to the interpretation of specimen structure. These instruments are also essential when micromanipulation of the specimen is required in a large and comfortable working space. The wide field of view and variable magnification displayed by stereomicroscopes is also useful for construction of miniature industrial assemblies, or for biological research that requires careful manipulation of delicate and sensitive living organisms.

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/

David Malin

"Through the lens of a microscope or the shaft of a telescope exists a universe of life and beauty that is unknown to many" David Malin

http://www.davidmalin.com/

He uses the devices (microscope,telescope and so many other ways to explore the hidden world such as unseen electromagnetic radiation/X-Ray

I think his images are fascinating and full of endless details that delight the mind of anyone with an interest in the universe that is around and within us.

The five sense of sight,smell,taste and touch were long thought to be sufficient to deal with the external world.However If we accept that the evolution of senses is the result of the struggle for survival,there is an essential sixth sense-pain-which tells us about our internal enviournment.Indeed,there may yet be another sense:a feeling for the passage of time.It has always been there in the background reminding us our mortality,but nowadays seems to have assumed a daily presence.

I absolutly admire Marlin's work,the way he manages to visualize things that we are unable to appriciate the importance( and beauty) of actions that occur on very short and very time scale.

many of his images have been made with devices that were made specifically to extend the power of human eye and thus streach the human mind

David Malin,winner of the prestingious Lennart Nillson prize.

Heaven and Earth unseen by the naked eye,david Malin,publisher : Phaidon

What is Anaglyph?

Anaglyph is a picture that can be used to create a stereoscopic image.'Stereopsis' (originally) means solid sight and refers to the multitude of sources of information that may be used to determine the structure and layout of the three-dimensional world.A picture with diffrent colours can be presented to each eye because Anaglyph uses two colours with corresponding colour filters which is in practice red and green, or sometimes red and blue.

Images from: http://www.imago3d.co.uk/homeFrame.htm

http://www.answers.com/topic/stereoscopic-vision-1

3D world!

We live in a 3D world , and we become aware a 3D world. However, how we actually achieve 3D vision is a mysterious psychological question. After all, we only have a 2D retina , so where does the extra dimension come from?

To be continued ....... more information will be add to this section....

Eadweard Muybridge

Eadweard Muybridge is most famous for his split-second studies of motion which began in 1872 with an attempt to capture the movement of a galloping horse. By 1877 he had developed a technique to place 12 cameras in a row to capture each stage of the horse’s movement. His books Animal Locomotion and The Human Figure in Motion was groundbreaking and made systematic studies of movement, and inspired artists in the twentieth century such as Francis Bacon. Later Muybridge experimented with a device to create moving images from still photographs, making him a pioneer of cinematography.

He was the man who invented the moving pictures.

He bridged the gap between art,science,and technology with with his thousands of sequences of motion photographs.

He was the conceptual father of cinema and TV,said Brian Clegg




http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/photography/photographerframe.php?photographerid=ph043

Book: Clegg,B.The man who stopped time ,2007,USA

Lennart Nilsson

Lennart Nilsson, born in Strängnäs in 1922, is a pioneer in medical photography. In association

with researchers and with the help of advanced, specially designed equipment, he has

documented the inside of man down to the level of a cell. Throughout the years, ha has devoted

special attention to capturing the creation of a human being, from conception to birth.

you can find the full biography by going to this link: http://www.lennartnilsson.com/biography.html

"In my opinion who can visualize their own experience of something in their life and make the viewer to feel the same experience,is an artist" Lennart Nilsson

In some decade that Neil Armstrong first walked on the moon,medical photographer Lennart Nilsson with the 1965 publication of his photo essay,"The Drama of Life Before Birth" took people to the other direction,to the very orgins of human life,a pioneering study that continues to this day.

NOVA: What do you do for light inside the womb?

LN: We put in a light with the fibers all the time. And sometimes we put in another light from the side too, when we have space. But the piece I just worked on in Göteborg was unbelievable. The fetus was moving, not really sucking its thumb, but it was moving and you could see everything—heartbeats and umbilical cord and so on. It was extremely beautiful, really beautiful! And I did some panning ... I was extremely satisfied with the 0.8. So this is a new way.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/odyssey/nilsson.html

Electron Microscope images are in black and white,to make his Electron Microscopic photograph more appealing and more legible,he uses the digital manipulation

Some example Electron Microscope images from Lennart Nilsson's work:

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Bacteria absorbed by one then ,Bone Marrow

destroyed by chemicals in the

macrophage

,

Hairs on the head ,The Femaile hormone

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Killer T cells ,Light reaching the retina of the eye

He has the instruments,ideas,technology,computer techniques.lennart and his colleagues try to create or see something, which has not been known before just to discover something together. " This is my dream" said Lennart Nillson

I found his work very fascinating and the way,he manages to surprise people about something that is extremely well known.I mean, human reproduction,the human body,narrative and so on.He surprises everyone with a new technique.

Technique and Equipments:

Nillson taught himself everything he could discover about the human foetus.In the earliest stage he used macro-lenses and super wide angled endoscopic lenses made for him by Karl Storz in Germany and Jungners Optiska in Sweden. In addition to his work using Hasselblad and Nikon cameras to photograph extra-uterine pregnancies,he used the endoscope to photograph the living foetus in the amniotic sac.endoscope size no longer than eight-tenths of a millimeter in diameter including the lens and case with

the focal length less than one-tenth of a millimeter.

Holborn,M(Ed).2006.Life,London:Jonathan Cape.

Journal:

The Royal Photographic Socety(2008).Giant Steps.The Royal Photographic

Topcon TRC-50IX

Topcon TRC-50IX

Topcon TRC-50IX The ultimate camera for all photographic applications! This tri-functional camera sets the standard for ICG, fluorescein, and color imaging, and is designed with the added flash settings necessary for today's sensitive digital cameras. A large eyepiece and alignment dots enable the photographer to easily and comfortably align the camera. Superior optical coatings eliminate flare and assure maximum image quality.

A modern fundus camera system is a semi-mobile floor mounted ophthalmic instrument costing £50,000.This complex system is used to produce high-resolution photographs of the patients retina.

I used this camera to take Fundus photographs. Fundus is the bottom or base of anything. In medicine, it is a general term for the inner lining of a hollow organ. The ocular fundus is the inner lining of the eye made up of the Sensory Retina, the Retinal Pigment Epithelium, Bruch's Membrane, and the Choroid. Basically this type of photography involves the patients head to be immobilized and the camera positioned close to the eye.So I have to observes the retina by adjusting illumination and carefully positioning the eye using external and internal fixation points.

http://www.opsweb.org/OpPhoto/Fundus/index.html
http://www.patternless.com/ProductDetail.aspx?i=50

Leonardo Da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci ( 1452-1519)

Leonardo's biography:

http://www.mos.org/leonardo/bio.html

He was fascinated by the structure of the human body,Leonardo originally pursed the study of anatomy for his training as an artist.Before long,his interest in the human from flourished into an independent area of research.

Although his early studies deal with skeleton and muscle structure,Leonardo managed to combine both anatomical and physical functions in his research.His studies soon developed into the function of internal organs,especially the brain,heart and lungs.

I consider Leonardo Da Vinci as a genius in many fields.He used mysterious,complex and beautiful human body as an object for scientific enquiry and also made it as a subject for his painting.He was too early for his time,He lived at a time when only simple magnifying lenses could offer any enlargement and the rich microscope world of the body was unimaginable to him.

"It is a miracle that any one man should have observed,read and written down so much in a single lifetime" Art historian and Da Vinci biographer Kenneth Clark

He was a perfectionist in his art work. He was a first artist who used scientific methods in his investigation of human body,he was able to create remarkably accurate depictions of the "ideal" figure.

Leonardo has inspired so many artists and scientists such as Lennart Nillson who is regarded as a greatest scientific photographer in the world.

Nilsson.L.(2006).Life.New York:Jonathan Cape.

Emotion and Motion in human body

“Vision itself is a dynamic process. There is little in the world that stands still, at least not as imaged in our retinas, for our eyes are always moving. The visual system is almost exclusively organized to detect change and motion.” Haldan K.Hartline

Hartline,H.K.1972.’Visual receptors and retinal interaction’ In Nobel lectures,Physiology or Medicine 1963-1970.Amsterdam:Elsevier Publishing Company,P.281

The eye is free to explore the space it inhabit. It flicks, glances, pans, tilts-all in, literally, the blink of an eye.

Our eyes provide us a magical picture of the world. They record every moving image unlike the camera they don’t record what is really out there.They highlight the things we are interested in, enhance them in countless ways, and always put the object with the most interest in the middle of the frame

How can I show this beautiful part of body which invisibale to the naked eyes?!

I quite often ask myself what is so essential to our experience and our behaviour? I think emotions are central to human experience and behaviour.Our feeling and passions are so essential to our experience and our behaviour and they can condition the way of dealing in different situation and in all forms of communications .

It is by combining successive attitudes in to a single pose that a work creates the illusion of movement: ”If people in photographs, caught in action, seem suddenly frozen in midair, it’s because of their body are reproduced in the same precise fortieth of a second. And so they lack the progressive unwinding of a gesture that we find in art”

Auguste Rodin,19II

The body in motion is expressed as a transformation, from one shape to another.looking at human motions i came across a few artist which I am going to look at them: the german Renaissance artist Albrecht Durer,Edward Muybridge

References : Philippe Comar ,The Human Body Image and Emotion ,1999,Thomes & Hudson Ltd,London

The more I research about this subject the more i came across lots of questions!Questions of appearance and representation are central to regarding emotions as emerging from motion: How do emotions present themselves? How are they represented in motion? Whatis their relation to the specific media contexts of the arts – how can an embodied relation with,for instance: a printed text or a two-dimensional image, be conceived of and habitualized? Howare embodied emotions brought into visibility, audibility or readability? How can media processes? How could i Record that with my photography skills?!

I am hoping to find answers to these question by end of this project!

Eyes and movement

One of the less obvious, but extremely important common features of our eyes, is the way they move, either by themselves or as part of a moveable head or body.

I would like to record this movement with my photographic techniques by producing a set of Anaglyph images in which they‘ve been used to provide a stereoscopic 3D (3 dimensional Imaging effect), when viewed with 2 color glasses.

Humans are foragers;we take a more than visual interest in what things are.But even our eyes are tubed,first and foremost,to motion.In 1875 the Viennese physiologist Sigmund Exner showed that two brief,stationary dots into moving objects makes a great deal of scene in nature,where prey and predators disappear and reappear constantly,as they move through glass ,run behind trees,and peer around rocks.Every film and TV programme ever made depends on the power of phenomena (called the phi phenomenon).Both display still images quickly enough for our eyes to read them as a single moving image

Ings.S.2008.A Natural History Of Seeing(page 43).America:W.W.Norton & Company,Inc.

Eyes and Science

I believe that our eyes are one the most effective tools for communicating our needs,thoughts and desires to others.Couple of weeks ago I started photographing macro images of eyes with my digital camera! I am aiming to photograph 100 pairs of eyes! I'll post the final image as a montage picture when it's ready. It might sounds a bit silly and you might ask me why do I want to do this or why 100 people?! Well this is something that I am going to explain later on!

At St Helens hospital I photograph back of the Eyes! The pictures are as surprising as they sounds. These photographs used for comparison,documentation,and sometimes to diagnose certain eye conditions.It is important to document the health of the optic nerve, vitreous, macula,retina and its blood vessels.

Part of my job is Fundus Photography.The digital camera I used it's not like the other ordinary camera. It's mounted to a microscope with intricate lenses and mirror.I am able to look at the back of the eyes by focusing light through the cornea,lens and pupil.

As I said earlier on photographing eyes is a new world of photography and I have to learn everything from the beginning. I attached two of my images: one macro and one fundus photograph of right eye for visual explanation :

Here is the explanations and diagram about different parts of eyes so hopefully it would make it easier to understand the medical names:

http://www.thirdeyehealth.com/eye-diagram.html

Cornea: The clear outer part of the eye's focusing system located at the front of the eye.

Fovea: The Centre of Macula;gives the sharpest vision

Iris:The coloured part of the eye that regulates the amount of light entering the eye.

Lens:Clear part of eye behind the Iris that helps to focus light on an image on the retina

Macular-small: Sensitive area of the retina that gives the central vision. located in centre of retina and Fovea

Optic nerve: The optic nerve transmits electrical impulses from the retina to brain.

Pupil: The opening at the centre of the Iris. This Iris adjust the size of pupil and contains the mount of light that enters eye.

Retina: Light sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. Retina converts light in to electrical impulses that are sent to the brain through the optic nerve.

Vitreous gel: A clear gel that fills the inside of the eye.

Personal background and Inspiration

The eye by Lennart Nilsson

I am interested in Science and Medical photography. I began my work in the medical photography department some 12 months ago, as part of my work placement at Whiston Hospital

Medical Photography at Whiston hospital is part of the Plastic & Burns Unit. I commenced photographing people/patients. I loved the idea of being able to present the facts visually for benefit of both the doctor and patient using the medical techniques; however It wasn’t always a pleasant situation .My interest in this science has lead me to develop and combine my two loves, looking at the narratives with the technical expertise. My main inspiration was Lennart Nilsson who is regarded as the greatest scientific photographer in the world. For my final project I focused on human’s skin and looking at this creation with a microscopic view, so this project is an extension from there.

Recently I have been employed by St Helens and Knowsley Trust as an Ophthalmic Photographer. Before I began this job, I had never taken into account how much we take our visual abilities for granted. The more I learn about the eyes, the more I realize how fascinating, amazing and mysterious it is.

For me photographing eyes is a new world of photography and by end of this project I am hoping to be able to show part of this mystery!